{"issue":"3","keyword":["piezoelectric transducer","self-sensing","fault detection","diagnostics","hairline crack","condition monitoring"],"author":[{"first_name":"Osarenren Kennedy","last_name":"Aimiyekagbon","full_name":"Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy","id":"9557"},{"first_name":"Amelie","last_name":"Bender","full_name":"Bender, Amelie","id":"54290"},{"id":"210","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","last_name":"Hemsel","first_name":"Tobias"},{"id":"21220","first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Sextro","full_name":"Sextro, Walter"}],"year":"2024","article_type":"original","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2079-9292"]},"_id":"51518","funded_apc":"1","type":"journal_article","publisher":"MDPI AG","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"date_updated":"2024-03-15T16:15:56Z","date_created":"2024-02-20T06:46:43Z","status":"public","user_id":"9557","intvolume":" 13","citation":{"short":"O.K. Aimiyekagbon, A. Bender, T. Hemsel, W. Sextro, Electronics 13 (2024).","chicago":"Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, Amelie Bender, Tobias Hemsel, and Walter Sextro. “Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions.” Electronics 13, no. 3 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521.","ama":"Aimiyekagbon OK, Bender A, Hemsel T, Sextro W. Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions. Electronics. 2024;13(3). doi:10.3390/electronics13030521","ieee":"O. K. Aimiyekagbon, A. Bender, T. Hemsel, and W. Sextro, “Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions,” Electronics, vol. 13, no. 3, Art. no. 521, 2024, doi: 10.3390/electronics13030521.","mla":"Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, et al. “Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions.” Electronics, vol. 13, no. 3, 521, MDPI AG, 2024, doi:10.3390/electronics13030521.","apa":"Aimiyekagbon, O. K., Bender, A., Hemsel, T., & Sextro, W. (2024). Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions. Electronics, 13(3), Article 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521","bibtex":"@article{Aimiyekagbon_Bender_Hemsel_Sextro_2024, title={Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions}, volume={13}, DOI={10.3390/electronics13030521}, number={3521}, journal={Electronics}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy and Bender, Amelie and Hemsel, Tobias and Sextro, Walter}, year={2024} }"},"article_number":"521","doi":"10.3390/electronics13030521","publication_status":"published","quality_controlled":"1","volume":13,"title":"Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions","publication":"Electronics","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In applications of piezoelectric actuators and sensors, the dependability and particularly the reliability throughout their lifetime are vital to manufacturers and end-users and are enabled through condition-monitoring approaches. Existing approaches often utilize impedance measurements over a range of frequencies or velocity measurements and require additional equipment or sensors, such as a laser Doppler vibrometer. Furthermore, the non-negligible effects of varying operating conditions are often unconsidered. To minimize the need for additional sensors while maintaining the dependability of piezoelectric bending actuators irrespective of varying operating conditions, an online diagnostics approach is proposed. To this end, time- and frequency-domain features are extracted from monitored current signals to reflect hairline crack development in bending actuators. For validation of applicability, the presented analysis method was evaluated on piezoelectric bending actuators subjected to accelerated lifetime tests at varying voltage amplitudes and under external damping conditions. In the presence of a crack and due to a diminished stiffness, the resonance frequency decreases and the root-mean-square amplitude of the current signal simultaneously abruptly drops during the lifetime tests. Furthermore, the piezoelectric crack surfaces clapping is reflected in higher harmonics of the current signal. Thus, time-domain features and harmonics of the current signals are sufficient to diagnose hairline cracks in the actuators."}]}