---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - <jats:p>The market for microinverters is growing, especially in Europe. Driven
    by rising electricity prices and an easing in legislation since 2024, the number
    of mini-photovoltaic energy systems (mini-PVs) being installed is increasing substantially.
    Indoor and outdoor studies of microinverters have been carried out at Paderborn
    University since 2014. In the indoor lab, conversion efficiencies as a function
    of load have been measured with high accuracy and ranked according to Euro and
    CEC weightings; the latest rankings from 2024 are included in this paper. In the
    outdoor lab, energy yields have been measured using identical and calibrated crystalline
    silicon PV modules; until 2020, measurements were carried out using 215 Wp modules.
    Because of increasing PV module power ratings, 360 Wp modules were used from 2020
    until 2024. In 2024, the test modules were upgraded to 410 Wp modules, taking
    into account the increase from 600 W to 800 W of inverter power limits, which
    is suitable for simplified operation permission (“plug-in”) in many European countries
    within a homogenised legislation area for such mini-photovoltaic energy systems
    or “balcony power plants”. This legislation for simplified operation also covers
    overpowered mini-plants, although the maximum AC output remains limited to 800
    W. Presently, yield assessments are being carried out in the outdoor lab, which
    will take at least a year to be valid and comparable. Kits consisting of PV modules,
    inverters, and mounting systems are also being evaluated. Yield rankings sometimes
    differ from efficiency rankings due to the use of different MPPT algorithms with
    different MPP approach speeds and accuracies. To accelerate yield assessment,
    we developed a novel, simple formula to determine energy yield for any module
    and inverter configuration, including overpowered systems. This is a linear approach,
    determined by just two coefficients, a and b, which are given for several inverters.
    To reduce costs, inverters will be integrated into the module frame or the module
    terminal box in the future.</jats:p>@eng
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Stefan
      foaf_name: Krauter, Stefan
      foaf_surname: Krauter
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=28836
    orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Jörg
      foaf_name: Bendfeld, Jörg
      foaf_surname: Bendfeld
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=16148
  bibo_doi: 10.3390/en17225551
  bibo_issue: '22'
  bibo_volume: 17
  dct_date: 2024^xs_gYear
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/1996-1073
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: MDPI AG@
  dct_title: Efficiency Ranking of Photovoltaic Microinverters and Energy Yield Estimations
    for Photovoltaic Balcony Power Plants@
...