---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - '<jats:p>Today’s ultrasonic transducers find broad application in diverse technology
    branches and most often cannot be replaced by other actuators. They are typically
    based on lead-containing piezoelectric ceramics. These should be replaced for
    environmental and health issues by lead-free alternatives. Multiple material alternatives
    are already known, but there is a lack of information about their technological
    readiness level. To fill this gap, a small series of prestressed longitudinally
    vibrating transducers was set up with a standard PZT material and two lead-free
    variants within this study. The entire process for building the transducers is
    documented: characteristics of individual ring ceramics, burn-in results, and
    free vibration and characteristics under load are shown. The main result is that
    the investigated lead-free materials are ready to use within ultrasonic bolted
    Langevin transducers (BLTs) for medium-power applications, when the geometrical
    setup of the transducer is adopted. Since lead-free ceramics need higher voltages
    to achieve the same power level, the driving electronics or the mechanical setup
    must be altered specifically for each material. Lower self-heating of the lead-free
    materials might be attractive for heat-sensitive processes.</jats:p>@eng'
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Claus
      foaf_name: Scheidemann, Claus
      foaf_surname: Scheidemann
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=38259
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Peter
      foaf_name: Bornmann, Peter
      foaf_surname: Bornmann
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Walter
      foaf_name: Littmann, Walter
      foaf_surname: Littmann
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Tobias
      foaf_name: Hemsel, Tobias
      foaf_surname: Hemsel
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=210
  bibo_doi: 10.3390/act14020055
  bibo_issue: '2'
  bibo_volume: 14
  dct_date: 2025^xs_gYear
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/2076-0825
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: MDPI AG@
  dct_title: Lead-Free Ceramics in Prestressed Ultrasonic Transducers@
...