---
_id: '58543'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>This work analyses load profiles for East African microgrids, and
    then investigates the integration of electric two-wheelers and portable storage
    into a solar PV with battery microgrid in Uganda, East Africa. By introducing
    e-mobility and portable storage, demand side management strategic load growth
    can thus be achieved and electricity access can be expanded. Battery degradation
    is also considered. The results showed a 98.5% reduction in PV energy curtailment
    and a 57% reduction in the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) from 0.808 USD/kWh
    to 0.350 USD/kWh when the electric two-wheeler and portable storage loads were
    introduced. Such reductions are important enablers of financial viability and
    sustainability of microgrids. It is possible to avoid emissions of up to 73.27
    tons of CO2/year with the proposed e-bikes, and an average of 160 customers could
    be served annually as off-microgrid consumers without requiring an investment
    in additional distribution infrastructure. Annual revenue could be increased by
    135% by incorporating the additional loads. Sensitivity analyses were conducted
    by varying component costs, the battery lifetime, the interest rate, and the priority
    weighting of the additional loads. The battery costs were found to be a major
    contributor to lifecycle costs (LCC) and also have a big impact on the LCOE. The
    interest rate significantly affects the LCC as well.</jats:p>
author:
- first_name: Josephine Nakato
  full_name: Kakande, Josephine Nakato
  id: '88649'
  last_name: Kakande
- first_name: Godiana Hagile
  full_name: Philipo, Godiana Hagile
  id: '88505'
  last_name: Philipo
- first_name: Stefan
  full_name: Krauter, Stefan
  id: '28836'
  last_name: Krauter
  orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
citation:
  ama: Kakande JN, Philipo GH, Krauter S. Optimized E-Mobility and Portable Storage
    Integration in an Isolated Rural Solar Microgrid in Uganda. <i>Solar</i>. 2024;4(4):694-727.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4040033">10.3390/solar4040033</a>
  apa: Kakande, J. N., Philipo, G. H., &#38; Krauter, S. (2024). Optimized E-Mobility
    and Portable Storage Integration in an Isolated Rural Solar Microgrid in Uganda.
    <i>Solar</i>, <i>4</i>(4), 694–727. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4040033">https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4040033</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Kakande_Philipo_Krauter_2024, title={Optimized E-Mobility and
    Portable Storage Integration in an Isolated Rural Solar Microgrid in Uganda},
    volume={4}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4040033">10.3390/solar4040033</a>},
    number={4}, journal={Solar}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Kakande, Josephine Nakato
    and Philipo, Godiana Hagile and Krauter, Stefan}, year={2024}, pages={694–727}
    }'
  chicago: 'Kakande, Josephine Nakato, Godiana Hagile Philipo, and Stefan Krauter.
    “Optimized E-Mobility and Portable Storage Integration in an Isolated Rural Solar
    Microgrid in Uganda.” <i>Solar</i> 4, no. 4 (2024): 694–727. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4040033">https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4040033</a>.'
  ieee: 'J. N. Kakande, G. H. Philipo, and S. Krauter, “Optimized E-Mobility and Portable
    Storage Integration in an Isolated Rural Solar Microgrid in Uganda,” <i>Solar</i>,
    vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 694–727, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4040033">10.3390/solar4040033</a>.'
  mla: Kakande, Josephine Nakato, et al. “Optimized E-Mobility and Portable Storage
    Integration in an Isolated Rural Solar Microgrid in Uganda.” <i>Solar</i>, vol.
    4, no. 4, MDPI AG, 2024, pp. 694–727, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/solar4040033">10.3390/solar4040033</a>.
  short: J.N. Kakande, G.H. Philipo, S. Krauter, Solar 4 (2024) 694–727.
date_created: 2025-02-10T06:01:46Z
date_updated: 2025-02-10T06:02:32Z
department:
- _id: '53'
doi: 10.3390/solar4040033
intvolume: '         4'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 694-727
publication: Solar
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2673-9941
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
status: public
title: Optimized E-Mobility and Portable Storage Integration in an Isolated Rural
  Solar Microgrid in Uganda
type: journal_article
user_id: '16148'
volume: 4
year: '2024'
...