---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - "A current concern in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is to ensure the
    trustworthiness of AI systems. The development of explainability methods is one
    prominent way to address this, which has often resulted in the assumption that
    the use of explainability will lead to an increase in the trust of users and wider
    society. However, the dynamics between explainability and trust are not well established
    and empirical investigations of their relation remain mixed or inconclusive.\r\nIn
    this paper we provide a detailed description of the concepts of user trust and
    distrust in AI and their relation to appropriate reliance. For that we draw from
    the fields of machine learning, human–computer interaction, and the social sciences.
    Based on these insights, we have created a focused study of empirical literature
    of existing empirical studies that investigate the effects of AI systems and XAI
    methods on user (dis)trust, in order to substantiate our conceptualization of
    trust, distrust, and reliance. With respect to our conceptual understanding we
    identify gaps in existing empirical work. With clarifying the concepts and summarizing
    the empirical studies, we aim to provide researchers, who examine user trust in
    AI, with an improved starting point for developing user studies to measure and
    evaluate the user’s attitude towards and reliance on AI systems.@eng"
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Roel
      foaf_name: Visser, Roel
      foaf_surname: Visser
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Tobias Martin
      foaf_name: Peters, Tobias Martin
      foaf_surname: Peters
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=92810
    orcid: 0009-0008-5193-6243
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Ingrid
      foaf_name: Scharlau, Ingrid
      foaf_surname: Scharlau
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=451
    orcid: 0000-0003-2364-9489
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Barbara
      foaf_name: Hammer, Barbara
      foaf_surname: Hammer
  bibo_doi: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357
  dct_date: 2025^xs_gYear
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/1389-0417
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: Elsevier BV@
  dct_subject:
  - XAI
  - Appropriate trust
  - Distrust
  - Reliance
  - Human-centric evaluation
  - Trustworthy AI
  dct_title: 'Trust, distrust, and appropriate reliance in (X)AI: A conceptual clarification
    of user trust and survey of its empirical evaluation@'
...