{"project":[{"name":"TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären","_id":"111"},{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"},{"name":"TRR 318 - Subproject A3","_id":"113"},{"_id":"114","name":"TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten"},{"name":"TRR 318; TP A05: Echtzeitmessung der Aufmerksamkeit im Mensch-Roboter-Erklärdialog","_id":"115"},{"name":"TRR 318 - Subproject B3","_id":"122"},{"_id":"123","name":"TRR 318 - Subproject B5"},{"_id":"119","name":"TRR 318 - Project Area Ö"}],"date_updated":"2025-12-05T15:32:25Z","intvolume":"        94","quality_controlled":"1","abstract":[{"text":"Explainability has become an important topic in computer science and artificial intelligence, leading to a subfield called Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). The goal of providing or seeking explanations is to achieve (better) ‘understanding’ on the part of the explainee. However, what it means to ‘understand’ is still not clearly defined, and the concept itself is rarely the subject of scientific investigation. This conceptual article aims to present a model of forms of understanding for XAI-explanations and beyond. From an interdisciplinary perspective bringing together computer science, linguistics, sociology, philosophy and psychology, a definition of understanding and its forms, assessment, and dynamics during the process of giving everyday explanations are explored. Two types of understanding are considered as possible outcomes of explanations, namely enabledness, ‘knowing how’ to do or decide something, and comprehension, ‘knowing that’ – both in different degrees (from shallow to deep). Explanations regularly start with shallow understanding in a specific domain and can lead to deep comprehension and enabledness of the explanandum, which we see as a prerequisite for human users to gain agency. In this process, the increase of comprehension and enabledness are highly interdependent. Against the background of this systematization, special challenges of understanding in XAI are discussed.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","article_type":"original","user_id":"57578","article_number":"101419","keyword":["understanding","explaining","explanations","explainable","AI","interdisciplinarity","comprehension","enabledness","agency"],"title":"Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations","has_accepted_license":"1","type":"journal_article","volume":94,"date_created":"2025-09-08T14:24:32Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419","file":[{"file_name":"Buschmeier-etal-2025-COGSYS.pdf","success":1,"access_level":"closed","file_size":10114981,"creator":"hbuschme","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","file_id":"62730","date_updated":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z","date_created":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z"}],"department":[{"_id":"660"}],"oa":"1","status":"public","author":[{"id":"76456","first_name":"Hendrik","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","last_name":"Buschmeier"},{"last_name":"Buhl","full_name":"Buhl, Heike M.","first_name":"Heike M.","id":"27152"},{"first_name":"Friederike","last_name":"Kern","full_name":"Kern, Friederike"},{"last_name":"Grimminger","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","id":"57578","first_name":"Angela"},{"full_name":"Beierling, Helen","last_name":"Beierling","id":"50995","first_name":"Helen"},{"first_name":"Josephine Beryl","id":"56345","orcid":"0000-0002-9997-9241","full_name":"Fisher, Josephine Beryl","last_name":"Fisher"},{"last_name":"Groß","full_name":"Groß, André","orcid":"0000-0002-9593-7220","first_name":"André","id":"93405"},{"first_name":"Ilona","id":"68836","last_name":"Horwath","full_name":"Horwath, Ilona"},{"last_name":"Klowait","orcid":"0000-0002-7347-099X","full_name":"Klowait, Nils","id":"98454","first_name":"Nils"},{"last_name":"Lazarov","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov","id":"90345"},{"first_name":"Michael","full_name":"Lenke, Michael","last_name":"Lenke"},{"last_name":"Lohmer","full_name":"Lohmer, Vivien","first_name":"Vivien"},{"id":"50352","first_name":"Katharina","full_name":"Rohlfing, Katharina","orcid":"0000-0002-5676-8233","last_name":"Rohlfing"},{"id":"451","first_name":"Ingrid","full_name":"Scharlau, Ingrid","orcid":"0000-0003-2364-9489","last_name":"Scharlau"},{"id":"91018","first_name":"Amit","last_name":"Singh","orcid":"0000-0002-7789-1521","full_name":"Singh, Amit"},{"last_name":"Terfloth","full_name":"Terfloth, Lutz","id":"37320","first_name":"Lutz"},{"id":"86589","first_name":"Anna-Lisa","full_name":"Vollmer, Anna-Lisa","last_name":"Vollmer"},{"last_name":"Wang","full_name":"Wang, Yu","first_name":"Yu"},{"last_name":"Wilmes","full_name":"Wilmes, Annedore","first_name":"Annedore"},{"last_name":"Wrede","full_name":"Wrede, Britta","first_name":"Britta"}],"publication":"Cognitive Systems Research","file_date_updated":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389041725000993?via%3Dihub"}],"ddc":["006"],"year":"2025","citation":{"chicago":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, Heike M. Buhl, Friederike Kern, Angela Grimminger, Helen Beierling, Josephine Beryl Fisher, André Groß, et al. “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i> 94 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>.","apa":"Buschmeier, H., Buhl, H. M., Kern, F., Grimminger, A., Beierling, H., Fisher, J. B., Groß, A., Horwath, I., Klowait, N., Lazarov, S. T., Lenke, M., Lohmer, V., Rohlfing, K., Scharlau, I., Singh, A., Terfloth, L., Vollmer, A.-L., Wang, Y., Wilmes, A., &#38; Wrede, B. (2025). Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations. <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, <i>94</i>, Article 101419. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>","short":"H. Buschmeier, H.M. Buhl, F. Kern, A. Grimminger, H. Beierling, J.B. Fisher, A. Groß, I. Horwath, N. Klowait, S.T. Lazarov, M. Lenke, V. Lohmer, K. Rohlfing, I. Scharlau, A. Singh, L. Terfloth, A.-L. Vollmer, Y. Wang, A. Wilmes, B. Wrede, Cognitive Systems Research 94 (2025).","ama":"Buschmeier H, Buhl HM, Kern F, et al. Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations. <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>. 2025;94. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>","bibtex":"@article{Buschmeier_Buhl_Kern_Grimminger_Beierling_Fisher_Groß_Horwath_Klowait_Lazarov_et al._2025, title={Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations}, volume={94}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>}, number={101419}, journal={Cognitive Systems Research}, author={Buschmeier, Hendrik and Buhl, Heike M. and Kern, Friederike and Grimminger, Angela and Beierling, Helen and Fisher, Josephine Beryl and Groß, André and Horwath, Ilona and Klowait, Nils and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and et al.}, year={2025} }","mla":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, et al. “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, vol. 94, 101419, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>.","ieee":"H. Buschmeier <i>et al.</i>, “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations,” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, vol. 94, Art. no. 101419, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>."},"_id":"61156"}