---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - "In human-machine explanation interactions, such as tutoring systems or customer
    support chatbots, it is important for the machine explainer to infer the human
    user's understanding.  Nonverbal signals play an important role for expressing
    mental states like understanding and confusion in these interactions. However,
    an individual's expressions may vary depending on other factors. In cases where
    these factors are unknown, machine learning methods that infer understanding from
    nonverbal cues become unreliable. Stress for example has been shown to affect
    human expression, but it is not clear from the current research how stress affects
    the expression of understanding.\r\nTo address this gap, we design a paradigm
    that induces understanding and confusion through game rule explanations. During
    the explanations, self-perceived understanding and confusion are annotated by
    the participants. A stress condition is also introduced to enable the investigation
    of changes in the expression of social signals under stress.\r\nWe conducted a
    study to validate the stress induction and participants reported a statistically
    significant increase in stress during the stress condition compared to the neutral
    control condition. \r\nAdditionally, feedback from participants shows that the
    paradigm is effective in inducing understanding and confusion. \r\nThis paradigm
    paves the way for further studies investigating social signals of understanding
    to improve human-machine explanation interactions for varying contexts.@eng"
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Jonas
      foaf_name: Paletschek, Jonas
      foaf_surname: Paletschek
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=98941
  bibo_doi: 10.1109/ACII63134.2024.00040
  dct_date: 2024^xs_gYear
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: IEEE@
  dct_subject:
  - Understanding
  - Nonverbal Social Signals
  - Stress Induction
  - Explanation
  - Machine Learning Bias
  dct_title: A Paradigm to Investigate Social Signals of Understanding and Their Susceptibility
    to Stress@
...