{"date_created":"2025-10-23T10:59:59Z","date_updated":"2025-10-23T11:05:50Z","intvolume":"        12","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2304-6732"]},"type":"journal_article","volume":12,"status":"public","author":[{"first_name":"Nikolay N.","full_name":"Ledentsov, Nikolay N.","last_name":"Ledentsov"},{"first_name":"Nikolay","last_name":"Ledentsov","full_name":"Ledentsov, Nikolay"},{"last_name":"Shchukin","full_name":"Shchukin, Vitaly A.","first_name":"Vitaly A."},{"full_name":"Ledentsov, Alexander N.","last_name":"Ledentsov","first_name":"Alexander N."},{"last_name":"Makarov","full_name":"Makarov, Oleg Yu.","first_name":"Oleg Yu."},{"first_name":"Ilya E.","last_name":"Titkov","full_name":"Titkov, Ilya E."},{"full_name":"Lindemann, Markus","last_name":"Lindemann","first_name":"Markus"},{"last_name":"de Adelsburg Ettmayer","full_name":"de Adelsburg Ettmayer, Thomas","first_name":"Thomas"},{"last_name":"Gerhardt","orcid":"0009-0002-5538-231X","full_name":"Gerhardt, Nils Christopher","id":"115298","first_name":"Nils Christopher"},{"first_name":"Martin R.","last_name":"Hofmann","full_name":"Hofmann, Martin R."},{"first_name":"Xin","last_name":"Chen","full_name":"Chen, Xin"},{"first_name":"Jason E.","full_name":"Hurley, Jason E.","last_name":"Hurley"},{"first_name":"Hao","full_name":"Dong, Hao","last_name":"Dong"},{"full_name":"Li, Ming-Jun","last_name":"Li","first_name":"Ming-Jun"}],"doi":"10.3390/photonics12101037","publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>Substantial improvements in the performance of optical interconnects based on multi-mode fibers are required to support emerging single-channel data transmission rates of 200 Gb/s and 400 Gb/s. Future optical components must combine very high modulation bandwidths—supporting signaling at 100 Gbaud and 200 Gbaud—with reduced spectral width to mitigate chromatic-dispersion-induced pulse broadening and increased brightness to further restrict flux-confining area in multi-mode fibers and thereby increase the effective modal bandwidth (EMB). A particularly promising route to improved performance within standard oxide-confined VCSEL technology is the introduction of multiple isolated or optically coupled oxide-confined apertures, which we refer to collectively as multi-aperture (MA) VCSEL arrays. We show that properly designed MA VCSELs exhibit narrow emission spectra, narrow far-field profiles and extended intrinsic modulation bandwidths, enabling longer-reach data transmission over both multi-mode (MMF) and single-mode fibers (SMF). One approach uses optically isolated apertures with lateral dimensions of approximately 2–3 µm arranged with a pitch of 10–12 µm or less. Such devices demonstrate relaxation oscillation frequencies of around 30 GHz in continuous-wave operation and intrinsic modulation bandwidths approaching 50 GHz. Compared with a conventional single-aperture VCSELs of equivalent oxide-confined area, MA designs can reduce the spectral width (root mean square values &lt; 0.15 nm), lower series resistance (≈50 Ω) and limit junction overheating through more efficient multi-spot heat dissipation at the same total current. As each aperture lases in a single transverse mode, these devices exhibit narrow far-field patterns. In combination with well-defined spacing between emitting spots, they permit tailored restricted launch conditions in MMFs, enhancing effective modal bandwidth. In another MA approach, the apertures are optically coupled such that self-injection locking (SIL) leads to lasing in a single supermode. One may regard one of the supermodes as acting as a master mode controlling the other one. Streak-camera studies reveal post-pulse oscillations in the SIL regime at frequencies up to 100 GHz. MA VCSELs enable a favorable combination of wavelength chirp and chromatic dispersion, extending transmission distances over MMFs beyond those expected for zero-chirp sources and supporting transfer bandwidths up to 60 GHz over kilometer-length SMF links.</jats:p>"}],"issue":"10","article_number":"1037","user_id":"15911","publisher":"MDPI AG","publication":"Photonics","title":"VCSELs: Influence of Design on Performance and Data Transmission over Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers","citation":{"ama":"Ledentsov NN, Ledentsov N, Shchukin VA, et al. VCSELs: Influence of Design on Performance and Data Transmission over Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers. <i>Photonics</i>. 2025;12(10). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12101037\">10.3390/photonics12101037</a>","short":"N.N. Ledentsov, N. Ledentsov, V.A. Shchukin, A.N. Ledentsov, O.Yu. Makarov, I.E. Titkov, M. Lindemann, T. de Adelsburg Ettmayer, N.C. Gerhardt, M.R. Hofmann, X. Chen, J.E. Hurley, H. Dong, M.-J. Li, Photonics 12 (2025).","apa":"Ledentsov, N. N., Ledentsov, N., Shchukin, V. A., Ledentsov, A. N., Makarov, O. Yu., Titkov, I. E., Lindemann, M., de Adelsburg Ettmayer, T., Gerhardt, N. C., Hofmann, M. R., Chen, X., Hurley, J. E., Dong, H., &#38; Li, M.-J. (2025). VCSELs: Influence of Design on Performance and Data Transmission over Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers. <i>Photonics</i>, <i>12</i>(10), Article 1037. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12101037\">https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12101037</a>","chicago":"Ledentsov, Nikolay N., Nikolay Ledentsov, Vitaly A. Shchukin, Alexander N. Ledentsov, Oleg Yu. Makarov, Ilya E. Titkov, Markus Lindemann, et al. “VCSELs: Influence of Design on Performance and Data Transmission over Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers.” <i>Photonics</i> 12, no. 10 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12101037\">https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12101037</a>.","mla":"Ledentsov, Nikolay N., et al. “VCSELs: Influence of Design on Performance and Data Transmission over Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers.” <i>Photonics</i>, vol. 12, no. 10, 1037, MDPI AG, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12101037\">10.3390/photonics12101037</a>.","ieee":"N. N. Ledentsov <i>et al.</i>, “VCSELs: Influence of Design on Performance and Data Transmission over Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers,” <i>Photonics</i>, vol. 12, no. 10, Art. no. 1037, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12101037\">10.3390/photonics12101037</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Ledentsov_Ledentsov_Shchukin_Ledentsov_Makarov_Titkov_Lindemann_de Adelsburg Ettmayer_Gerhardt_Hofmann_et al._2025, title={VCSELs: Influence of Design on Performance and Data Transmission over Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers}, volume={12}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12101037\">10.3390/photonics12101037</a>}, number={101037}, journal={Photonics}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Ledentsov, Nikolay N. and Ledentsov, Nikolay and Shchukin, Vitaly A. and Ledentsov, Alexander N. and Makarov, Oleg Yu. and Titkov, Ilya E. and Lindemann, Markus and de Adelsburg Ettmayer, Thomas and Gerhardt, Nils Christopher and Hofmann, Martin R. and et al.}, year={2025} }"},"_id":"61932","year":"2025"}