article published yes Markus Büttner author Christoph Alt author 100625 Tobias Kenter author 3145 Harald Köstler author Christian Plessl author 161530000-0001-5728-9982 Vadym Aizinger author 27 department 518 department SYCL is an open standard for targeting heterogeneous hardware from C++. In this work, we evaluate a SYCL implementation for a discontinuous Galerkin discretization of the 2D shallow water equations targeting CPUs, GPUs, and also FPGAs. The discretization uses polynomial orders zero to two on unstructured triangular meshes. Separating memory accesses from the numerical code allow us to optimize data accesses for the target architecture. A performance analysis shows good portability across x86 and ARM CPUs, GPUs from different vendors, and even two variants of Intel Stratix 10 FPGAs. Measuring the energy to solution shows that GPUs yield an up to 10x higher energy efficiency in terms of degrees of freedom per joule compared to CPUs. With custom designed caches, FPGAs offer a meaningful complement to the other architectures with particularly good computational performance on smaller meshes. FPGAs with High Bandwidth Memory are less affected by bandwidth issues and have similar energy efficiency as latest generation CPUs. Springer Science and Business Media LLC2025 eng 1573-048410.1007/s11227-025-07063-7 816 M. Büttner, C. Alt, T. Kenter, H. Köstler, C. Plessl, and V. Aizinger, “Analyzing performance portability for a SYCL implementation of the 2D shallow water equations,” <i>The Journal of Supercomputing</i>, vol. 81, no. 6, Art. no. 772, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-025-07063-7">10.1007/s11227-025-07063-7</a>. Büttner, Markus, Christoph Alt, Tobias Kenter, Harald Köstler, Christian Plessl, and Vadym Aizinger. “Analyzing Performance Portability for a SYCL Implementation of the 2D Shallow Water Equations.” <i>The Journal of Supercomputing</i> 81, no. 6 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-025-07063-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-025-07063-7</a>. Büttner M, Alt C, Kenter T, Köstler H, Plessl C, Aizinger V. Analyzing performance portability for a SYCL implementation of the 2D shallow water equations. <i>The Journal of Supercomputing</i>. 2025;81(6). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-025-07063-7">10.1007/s11227-025-07063-7</a> Büttner, M., Alt, C., Kenter, T., Köstler, H., Plessl, C., &#38; Aizinger, V. (2025). Analyzing performance portability for a SYCL implementation of the 2D shallow water equations. <i>The Journal of Supercomputing</i>, <i>81</i>(6), Article 772. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-025-07063-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-025-07063-7</a> M. Büttner, C. Alt, T. Kenter, H. Köstler, C. Plessl, V. Aizinger, The Journal of Supercomputing 81 (2025). Büttner, Markus, et al. “Analyzing Performance Portability for a SYCL Implementation of the 2D Shallow Water Equations.” <i>The Journal of Supercomputing</i>, vol. 81, no. 6, 772, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-025-07063-7">10.1007/s11227-025-07063-7</a>. @article{Büttner_Alt_Kenter_Köstler_Plessl_Aizinger_2025, title={Analyzing performance portability for a SYCL implementation of the 2D shallow water equations}, volume={81}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-025-07063-7">10.1007/s11227-025-07063-7</a>}, number={6772}, journal={The Journal of Supercomputing}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Büttner, Markus and Alt, Christoph and Kenter, Tobias and Köstler, Harald and Plessl, Christian and Aizinger, Vadym}, year={2025} } 620642025-11-04T09:37:50Z2025-11-04T09:48:10Z