---
_id: '65359'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>Lithium niobate sees widespread use in nonlinear and quantum optical
    devices, such as for sum- and difference-frequency generation or spontaneous parametric
    downconversion. In lithium niobate waveguides, nonlinear optical processes are
    often limited by the so-called photorefractive effect, which limits the maximum
    input or output powers and impacts the nonlinear spectral response. Therefore,
    strategies for the management of photorefractive damage are a key consideration
    in device design. Usually, the photorefractive damage threshold, i.e., the maximal
    permissible operating power, can be increased by high-temperature operation of
    devices. This approach, however, is not applicable in cryogenic environments,
    which may be required for specialized applications. To better understand the impact
    of photorefraction in nonlinear optical applications, we study the impact of photorefraction
    on the phase-matching spectra of two nonlinear-optical sum-frequency generation
    experiments at (1) high temperatures and (2) cryogenic temperatures. Furthermore,
    we present an approach to reduce the impact of photorefraction, which is compatible
    with cryogenic operation. This comprises an auxiliary light source, propagating
    in the same waveguide, which is used to restore phase-matching spectra impacted
    by photorefraction, as well as reduce pyroelectric effects. Our work provides
    an alternative route to photorefraction management applicable to cryogenic environments,
    as well as in situations with tight energy budgets, such as space applications.</jats:p>
article_number: '133105'
author:
- first_name: Nina Amelie
  full_name: Lange, Nina Amelie
  id: '56843'
  last_name: Lange
  orcid: 0000-0001-6624-7098
- first_name: René
  full_name: Pollmann, René
  id: '78890'
  last_name: Pollmann
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Rüsing, Michael
  id: '22501'
  last_name: Rüsing
  orcid: 0000-0003-4682-4577
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Stefszky, Michael
  id: '42777'
  last_name: Stefszky
- first_name: Maximilian
  full_name: Protte, Maximilian
  id: '46170'
  last_name: Protte
- first_name: Raimund
  full_name: Ricken, Raimund
  last_name: Ricken
- first_name: Laura
  full_name: Padberg, Laura
  id: '40300'
  last_name: Padberg
- first_name: Christof
  full_name: Eigner, Christof
  id: '13244'
  last_name: Eigner
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5693-3083
- first_name: Tim
  full_name: Bartley, Tim
  last_name: Bartley
- first_name: Christine
  full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
  id: '26263'
  last_name: Silberhorn
citation:
  ama: 'Lange NA, Pollmann R, Rüsing M, et al. Photorefraction management in lithium
    niobate waveguides: High-temperature vs cryogenic solutions. <i>Journal of Applied
    Physics</i>. 2026;139(13). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0324002">10.1063/5.0324002</a>'
  apa: 'Lange, N. A., Pollmann, R., Rüsing, M., Stefszky, M., Protte, M., Ricken,
    R., Padberg, L., Eigner, C., Bartley, T., &#38; Silberhorn, C. (2026). Photorefraction
    management in lithium niobate waveguides: High-temperature vs cryogenic solutions.
    <i>Journal of Applied Physics</i>, <i>139</i>(13), Article 133105. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0324002">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0324002</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Lange_Pollmann_Rüsing_Stefszky_Protte_Ricken_Padberg_Eigner_Bartley_Silberhorn_2026,
    title={Photorefraction management in lithium niobate waveguides: High-temperature
    vs cryogenic solutions}, volume={139}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0324002">10.1063/5.0324002</a>},
    number={13133105}, journal={Journal of Applied Physics}, publisher={AIP Publishing},
    author={Lange, Nina Amelie and Pollmann, René and Rüsing, Michael and Stefszky,
    Michael and Protte, Maximilian and Ricken, Raimund and Padberg, Laura and Eigner,
    Christof and Bartley, Tim and Silberhorn, Christine}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: 'Lange, Nina Amelie, René Pollmann, Michael Rüsing, Michael Stefszky, Maximilian
    Protte, Raimund Ricken, Laura Padberg, Christof Eigner, Tim Bartley, and Christine
    Silberhorn. “Photorefraction Management in Lithium Niobate Waveguides: High-Temperature
    vs Cryogenic Solutions.” <i>Journal of Applied Physics</i> 139, no. 13 (2026).
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0324002">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0324002</a>.'
  ieee: 'N. A. Lange <i>et al.</i>, “Photorefraction management in lithium niobate
    waveguides: High-temperature vs cryogenic solutions,” <i>Journal of Applied Physics</i>,
    vol. 139, no. 13, Art. no. 133105, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0324002">10.1063/5.0324002</a>.'
  mla: 'Lange, Nina Amelie, et al. “Photorefraction Management in Lithium Niobate
    Waveguides: High-Temperature vs Cryogenic Solutions.” <i>Journal of Applied Physics</i>,
    vol. 139, no. 13, 133105, AIP Publishing, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0324002">10.1063/5.0324002</a>.'
  short: N.A. Lange, R. Pollmann, M. Rüsing, M. Stefszky, M. Protte, R. Ricken, L.
    Padberg, C. Eigner, T. Bartley, C. Silberhorn, Journal of Applied Physics 139
    (2026).
date_created: 2026-04-07T08:41:07Z
date_updated: 2026-09-02T12:06:14Z
doi: 10.1063/5.0324002
intvolume: '       139'
issue: '13'
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Journal of Applied Physics
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0021-8979
  - 1089-7550
publication_status: published
publisher: AIP Publishing
status: public
title: 'Photorefraction management in lithium niobate waveguides: High-temperature
  vs cryogenic solutions'
type: journal_article
user_id: '22501'
volume: 139
year: '2026'
...