---
_id: '65506'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "<jats:sec>\r\n                    <jats:title>Purpose</jats:title>\r\n                    <jats:p>The
    adoption of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) as an additive manufacturing technique
    has been slow in the oil and gas (O&amp;G) industry because of the uncertainty
    regarding material performance and the lack of suitable materials. The high investment
    and time required for LPBF development also discourage adoption. This study aims
    to address these concerns by developing a parameter set for a relevant material
    using a systematic approach to optimize the density of the printed parts with
    reduced experimental effort.</jats:p>\r\n                  </jats:sec>\r\n                  <jats:sec>\r\n
    \                   <jats:title>Design/methodology/approach</jats:title>\r\n                    <jats:p>First,
    an industry-relevant Ni-based superalloy, UNS N09946, was gas-atomized to produce
    a powder. The powder was fully characterized to ensure successful printing. Next,
    a processing parameter set tailored for achieving full density was developed for
    UNS N09946 using a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach based on the volumetric
    energy density equation.</jats:p>\r\n                  </jats:sec>\r\n                  <jats:sec>\r\n
    \                   <jats:title>Findings</jats:title>\r\n                    <jats:p>A
    model was created using Response Surface Methodology that relates laser power,
    scan speed and hatch distance to efficiently identify successful parameter combinations,
    thus reducing the number of specimens necessary for the successful manufacturing
    of UNS N09946 using LPBF. A part density of 99.9% was achieved using this method.</jats:p>\r\n
    \                 </jats:sec>\r\n                  <jats:sec>\r\n                    <jats:title>Originality/value</jats:title>\r\n
    \                   <jats:p>This study applies an existing experimental design
    method to a never-before-printed material. The reduced experimental effort through
    this method and lessons learned from the gas atomization process can be directly
    applied to other materials in and outside the O&amp;G industry to further the
    adoption of LPBF as a serious manufacturing technology.</jats:p>\r\n                  </jats:sec>"
author:
- first_name: Madison
  full_name: Wooldridge, Madison
  last_name: Wooldridge
- first_name: Martin
  full_name: Holzweissig, Martin
  last_name: Holzweissig
- first_name: Kay-Peter
  full_name: Hoyer, Kay-Peter
  id: '48411'
  last_name: Hoyer
- first_name: Mirko
  full_name: Schaper, Mirko
  id: '43720'
  last_name: Schaper
citation:
  ama: Wooldridge M, Holzweissig M, Hoyer K-P, Schaper M. Response surface methodology
    for parameter development of alloy UNS N09946 processed with laser powder bed
    fusion. <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>. Published online 2026:1-15. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039">10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039</a>
  apa: Wooldridge, M., Holzweissig, M., Hoyer, K.-P., &#38; Schaper, M. (2026). Response
    surface methodology for parameter development of alloy UNS N09946 processed with
    laser powder bed fusion. <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>, 1–15. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039">https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Wooldridge_Holzweissig_Hoyer_Schaper_2026, title={Response surface
    methodology for parameter development of alloy UNS N09946 processed with laser
    powder bed fusion}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039">10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039</a>},
    journal={Rapid Prototyping Journal}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Wooldridge,
    Madison and Holzweissig, Martin and Hoyer, Kay-Peter and Schaper, Mirko}, year={2026},
    pages={1–15} }'
  chicago: Wooldridge, Madison, Martin Holzweissig, Kay-Peter Hoyer, and Mirko Schaper.
    “Response Surface Methodology for Parameter Development of Alloy UNS N09946 Processed
    with Laser Powder Bed Fusion.” <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>, 2026, 1–15. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039">https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039</a>.
  ieee: 'M. Wooldridge, M. Holzweissig, K.-P. Hoyer, and M. Schaper, “Response surface
    methodology for parameter development of alloy UNS N09946 processed with laser
    powder bed fusion,” <i>Rapid Prototyping Journal</i>, pp. 1–15, 2026, doi: <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039">10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039</a>.'
  mla: Wooldridge, Madison, et al. “Response Surface Methodology for Parameter Development
    of Alloy UNS N09946 Processed with Laser Powder Bed Fusion.” <i>Rapid Prototyping
    Journal</i>, Emerald, 2026, pp. 1–15, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039">10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039</a>.
  short: M. Wooldridge, M. Holzweissig, K.-P. Hoyer, M. Schaper, Rapid Prototyping
    Journal (2026) 1–15.
date_created: 2026-04-29T06:07:38Z
date_updated: 2026-04-29T06:08:50Z
department:
- _id: '9'
- _id: '158'
doi: 10.1108/rpj-01-2025-0039
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1-15
publication: Rapid Prototyping Journal
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1355-2546
  - 1758-7670
publication_status: published
publisher: Emerald
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Response surface methodology for parameter development of alloy UNS N09946
  processed with laser powder bed fusion
type: journal_article
user_id: '48411'
year: '2026'
...