---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - Electrifying the heating sector is essential for achieving global climate targets
    like the Paris Agreement’s 1.5 °C goal. In Germany, where 80  % of household energy
    goes to space heating and hot water, shifting to low-carbon solutions is crucial.
    Fossil-fuelled district heating networks can incorporate renewable energy via
    heat pumps, improving efficiency. Although heat pump design typically favours
    minimal temperature lifts, higher lifts can be economically viable with low electricity
    prices and abundant renewables. Adding thermal energy storage boosts operational
    flexibility. This study explores a flexible heat pump operation incorporating
    part load behaviour with a thermal energy storage in a German city’s district
    heating system to minimise costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Using a mixed-integer
    linear programming model, it examines the impact of temperature adjustments and
    storage on system efficiency. The results show that the integration of a heat
    pump in a district heating system reduces operating costs. Compared to a supply
    without a heat pump, with levelised cost of heating of 9.98 cent/kWhth and a fixed
    operating mode with costs between 9.96 cent/kWhth and 11.49 cent/kWhth, the flexible
    use results in lowest costs of 9.85 cent/kWhth, while also reducing overall CO2
    emissions. Using a full factorial sensitivity analysis, the levelised cost of
    heating ranged between 9.15 cent/kWhth in the best case and 10.37 cent/kWhth in
    the worst case for the selected configuration.@eng
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Henning Christoph
      foaf_name: Rahlf, Henning Christoph
      foaf_surname: Rahlf
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=56955
    orcid: 0009-0006-8106-2132
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Denis
      foaf_name: Divkovic, Denis
      foaf_surname: Divkovic
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=89059
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Lukas
      foaf_name: Knorr, Lukas
      foaf_surname: Knorr
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=90391
    orcid: 0009-0005-4727-7511
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Florian
      foaf_name: Schlosser, Florian
      foaf_surname: Schlosser
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=88614
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Henning
      foaf_name: Meschede, Henning
      foaf_surname: Meschede
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=86954
    orcid: 0000-0002-1538-089X
  bibo_doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714
  bibo_volume: 364
  dct_date: 2026^xs_gYear
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/0196-8904
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: Elsevier BV@
  dct_subject:
  - Heat transition
  - Optimisation
  - Temperature flexibility
  - Decarbonisation
  - Multi energy
  dct_title: Flexible operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems
    using dynamic electricity prices@
...