article published Henning Christoph Rahlf author 569550009-0006-8106-2132 Denis Divkovic author 89059 Lukas Knorr author 903910009-0005-4727-7511 Florian Schlosser author 88614 Henning Meschede author 869540000-0002-1538-089X 644 department 534 department FlexLabQuartier project Electrifying the heating sector is essential for achieving global climate targets like the Paris Agreement’s 1.5 °C goal. In Germany, where 80 % of household energy goes to space heating and hot water, shifting to low-carbon solutions is crucial. Fossil-fuelled district heating networks can incorporate renewable energy via heat pumps, improving efficiency. Although heat pump design typically favours minimal temperature lifts, higher lifts can be economically viable with low electricity prices and abundant renewables. Adding thermal energy storage boosts operational flexibility. This study explores a flexible heat pump operation incorporating part load behaviour with a thermal energy storage in a German city’s district heating system to minimise costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Using a mixed-integer linear programming model, it examines the impact of temperature adjustments and storage on system efficiency. The results show that the integration of a heat pump in a district heating system reduces operating costs. Compared to a supply without a heat pump, with levelised cost of heating of 9.98 cent/kWhth and a fixed operating mode with costs between 9.96 cent/kWhth and 11.49 cent/kWhth, the flexible use results in lowest costs of 9.85 cent/kWhth, while also reducing overall CO2 emissions. Using a full factorial sensitivity analysis, the levelised cost of heating ranged between 9.15 cent/kWhth in the best case and 10.37 cent/kWhth in the worst case for the selected configuration. Elsevier BV2026 eng Heat transitionOptimisationTemperature flexibilityDecarbonisationMulti energy 0196-890410.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714 364 H. C. Rahlf, D. Divkovic, L. Knorr, F. Schlosser, and H. Meschede, “Flexible operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using dynamic electricity prices,” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, vol. 364, Art. no. 121714, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714">10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a>. Rahlf, H. C., Divkovic, D., Knorr, L., Schlosser, F., &#38; Meschede, H. (2026). Flexible operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using dynamic electricity prices. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, <i>364</i>, Article 121714. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a> H.C. Rahlf, D. Divkovic, L. Knorr, F. Schlosser, H. Meschede, Energy Conversion and Management 364 (2026). Rahlf, Henning Christoph, Denis Divkovic, Lukas Knorr, Florian Schlosser, and Henning Meschede. “Flexible Operation Strategies for Heat Pumps in District Heating Systems Using Dynamic Electricity Prices.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i> 364 (2026). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a>. Rahlf, Henning Christoph, et al. “Flexible Operation Strategies for Heat Pumps in District Heating Systems Using Dynamic Electricity Prices.” <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>, vol. 364, 121714, Elsevier BV, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714">10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a>. @article{Rahlf_Divkovic_Knorr_Schlosser_Meschede_2026, title={Flexible operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using dynamic electricity prices}, volume={364}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714">10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a>}, number={121714}, journal={Energy Conversion and Management}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Rahlf, Henning Christoph and Divkovic, Denis and Knorr, Lukas and Schlosser, Florian and Meschede, Henning}, year={2026} } Rahlf HC, Divkovic D, Knorr L, Schlosser F, Meschede H. Flexible operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using dynamic electricity prices. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>. 2026;364. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714">10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714</a> 657572026-06-03T06:34:27Z2026-06-03T06:44:31Z