---
_id: '66150'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: |-
    <jats:p>
                Releasing jobs and performing scheduling decisions in real-time operating systems (RTOSes) is often realized within tick interrupts. In each tick interrupt, a set of tasks that are waiting to release new jobs, namely, the waiting set, is inspected to determine the jobs that should be released at this tick. Such a waiting set is sorted whenever a job has finished, by which the release process can be efficiently achieved. However, the overhead of sorting can vary vastly depending on the task set, which has to be taken into account in the worst-case timing analysis. Moreover, the tick interrupt in common practices is backed by a single hardware timer that is configured to trigger interrupts, either with a fixed period or reconfigured to the next release time (so-called one-shot timer). Since not necessarily at every interrupt a job will be released, several tick interrupts might be redundant. For the one-shot timers, the reconfiguration during runtime also incurs overheads at a variable interval. To reduce such variability and amount of overhead, in this work, we propose
                <jats:italic toggle="yes">LazyTick</jats:italic>
                which partitions the task set and distributes the subsets over multiple timers. Specifically, we propose two job release procedures with constant operations overhead—one for harmonic task sets and one for non-harmonic task sets. We implemented the support for multiple hardware timers in FreeRTOS and conducted intensive experimental evaluations. The evaluation shows that
                <jats:italic toggle="yes">LazyTick</jats:italic>
                can reduce the variability in overhead by up to ≈ 5 × in peak and ≈ 3× on average in comparison to the default implementation. Additionally, the combined overhead of the job release process is reduced by up to ≈ 6.1 × in peak and ≈ 3.6× on average.
              </jats:p>
author:
- first_name: Kay
  full_name: Heider, Kay
  last_name: Heider
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Hakert, Christian
  last_name: Hakert
- first_name: Kuan-Hsun
  full_name: Chen, Kuan-Hsun
  last_name: Chen
- first_name: Jian-Jia
  full_name: Chen, Jian-Jia
  last_name: Chen
citation:
  ama: 'Heider K, Hakert C, Chen K-H, Chen J-J. LazyTick: Lazy and Efficient Management
    of Job Release in Real-Time Operating Systems. <i>ACM Transactions on Embedded
    Computing Systems</i>. 2025;24(5s):1-25. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3762651">10.1145/3762651</a>'
  apa: 'Heider, K., Hakert, C., Chen, K.-H., &#38; Chen, J.-J. (2025). LazyTick: Lazy
    and Efficient Management of Job Release in Real-Time Operating Systems. <i>ACM
    Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems</i>, <i>24</i>(5s), 1–25. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3762651">https://doi.org/10.1145/3762651</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Heider_Hakert_Chen_Chen_2025, title={LazyTick: Lazy and Efficient
    Management of Job Release in Real-Time Operating Systems}, volume={24}, DOI={<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3762651">10.1145/3762651</a>}, number={5s}, journal={ACM
    Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems}, publisher={Association for Computing
    Machinery (ACM)}, author={Heider, Kay and Hakert, Christian and Chen, Kuan-Hsun
    and Chen, Jian-Jia}, year={2025}, pages={1–25} }'
  chicago: 'Heider, Kay, Christian Hakert, Kuan-Hsun Chen, and Jian-Jia Chen. “LazyTick:
    Lazy and Efficient Management of Job Release in Real-Time Operating Systems.”
    <i>ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems</i> 24, no. 5s (2025): 1–25.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3762651">https://doi.org/10.1145/3762651</a>.'
  ieee: 'K. Heider, C. Hakert, K.-H. Chen, and J.-J. Chen, “LazyTick: Lazy and Efficient
    Management of Job Release in Real-Time Operating Systems,” <i>ACM Transactions
    on Embedded Computing Systems</i>, vol. 24, no. 5s, pp. 1–25, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3762651">10.1145/3762651</a>.'
  mla: 'Heider, Kay, et al. “LazyTick: Lazy and Efficient Management of Job Release
    in Real-Time Operating Systems.” <i>ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems</i>,
    vol. 24, no. 5s, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2025, pp. 1–25, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3762651">10.1145/3762651</a>.'
  short: K. Heider, C. Hakert, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, ACM Transactions on Embedded
    Computing Systems 24 (2025) 1–25.
date_created: 2026-07-03T21:07:51Z
date_updated: 2026-07-05T14:48:51Z
doi: 10.1145/3762651
intvolume: '        24'
issue: 5s
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1-25
publication: ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1539-9087
  - 1558-3465
publication_status: published
publisher: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
status: public
title: 'LazyTick: Lazy and Efficient Management of Job Release in Real-Time Operating
  Systems'
type: journal_article
user_id: '128464'
volume: 24
year: '2025'
...