article published Christoph Kroiß author Rafat Al Afif author Tobias Pröll author Christoph Pfeifer author Christian Weinberger author 11848 Gregor Tondl author Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of pistachio shells was performed in a high-pressure batch reactor at 200 °C for 2 h, yielding a carbon-enriched hydrochar. Elemental analysis shows an increase in carbon mass fraction from 44.76 % to 54.09 % and a decrease in atomic O/C and H/C ratios, confirming carbonization as visualized in a Van Krevelen diagram. The hydrochar was chemically activated by potassium hydroxide (KOH) impregnation and thermal treatment, yielding 16–28 wt.% activated hydrochar. Adsorption isotherms were determined in a thermogravimetric, fluidized-bed reactor using a stepwise CO2 concentration program limited to 50 vol.% CO2 in N2 (0–5–10–25–50–0 vol.% CO2 at 100 kPa total pressure). The setup was extended by integrating online gas analysis to provide an independent, time-resolved mass-balance cross-check. Validation was performed using Lewatit VP OC 1065 by an internal Langmuir parity check and comparison with literature-based Toth model representations; gas analysis is demonstrated using a representative low-concentration step and by comparing Langmuir models derived from gas-based versus gravimetric loadings at 50 °C. For activated hydrochar, equilibrium points were obtained up to 50 vol.% CO2 (pCO2 ≈ 50 kPa) and show decreasing loading with increasing temperature. For literature comparison and indicative saturation reporting, isotherm fits were extrapolated to pure CO2 at 100 kPa: the maximum loading derived from the raw weighing signal was 1.84 mmol/g; after buoyancy correction, the corresponding value is 1.45 mmol/g. Springer Science and Business Media LLC2026 eng Hydrothermal carbonizationActivated hydrocharCO2 adsorptionAdsorption isothermsThermogravimetric analysisGas analysisMethod validationCarbon capture 3004-926110.1007/s42452-026-09061-7 Kroiß, Christoph, et al. “Validation of a Fluidized Bed Thermogravimetric Method with Integrated Gas Analysis for CO2 Capture by Activated Hydrochar from Pistachio Shells.” <i>Discover Applied Sciences</i>, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a>. Kroiß C, Al Afif R, Pröll T, Pfeifer C, Weinberger C, Tondl G. Validation of a fluidized bed thermogravimetric method with integrated gas analysis for CO2 capture by activated hydrochar from pistachio shells. <i>Discover Applied Sciences</i>. Published online 2026. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a> @article{Kroiß_Al Afif_Pröll_Pfeifer_Weinberger_Tondl_2026, title={Validation of a fluidized bed thermogravimetric method with integrated gas analysis for CO2 capture by activated hydrochar from pistachio shells}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a>}, journal={Discover Applied Sciences}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Kroiß, Christoph and Al Afif, Rafat and Pröll, Tobias and Pfeifer, Christoph and Weinberger, Christian and Tondl, Gregor}, year={2026} } Kroiß, C., Al Afif, R., Pröll, T., Pfeifer, C., Weinberger, C., &#38; Tondl, G. (2026). Validation of a fluidized bed thermogravimetric method with integrated gas analysis for CO2 capture by activated hydrochar from pistachio shells. <i>Discover Applied Sciences</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a> C. Kroiß, R. Al Afif, T. Pröll, C. Pfeifer, C. Weinberger, and G. Tondl, “Validation of a fluidized bed thermogravimetric method with integrated gas analysis for CO2 capture by activated hydrochar from pistachio shells,” <i>Discover Applied Sciences</i>, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a>. Kroiß, Christoph, Rafat Al Afif, Tobias Pröll, Christoph Pfeifer, Christian Weinberger, and Gregor Tondl. “Validation of a Fluidized Bed Thermogravimetric Method with Integrated Gas Analysis for CO2 Capture by Activated Hydrochar from Pistachio Shells.” <i>Discover Applied Sciences</i>, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a>. C. Kroiß, R. Al Afif, T. Pröll, C. Pfeifer, C. Weinberger, G. Tondl, Discover Applied Sciences (2026). 662822026-07-06T11:30:48Z2026-07-06T11:34:03Z