---
_id: '66282'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of pistachio shells was performed in a high-pressure
    batch reactor at 200 °C for 2 h, yielding a carbon-enriched hydrochar. Elemental
    analysis shows an increase in carbon mass fraction from 44.76 % to 54.09 % and
    a decrease in atomic O/C and H/C ratios, confirming carbonization as visualized
    in a Van Krevelen diagram. The hydrochar was chemically activated by potassium
    hydroxide (KOH) impregnation and thermal treatment, yielding 16–28 wt.% activated
    hydrochar. Adsorption isotherms were determined in a thermogravimetric, fluidized-bed
    reactor using a stepwise CO2 concentration program limited to 50 vol.% CO2 in
    N2 (0–5–10–25–50–0 vol.% CO2 at 100 kPa total pressure). The setup was extended
    by integrating online gas analysis to provide an independent, time-resolved mass-balance
    cross-check. Validation was performed using Lewatit VP OC 1065 by an internal
    Langmuir parity check and comparison with literature-based Toth model representations;
    gas analysis is demonstrated using a representative low-concentration step and
    by comparing Langmuir models derived from gas-based versus gravimetric loadings
    at 50 °C. For activated hydrochar, equilibrium points were obtained up to 50 vol.%
    CO2 (pCO2 ≈ 50 kPa) and show decreasing loading with increasing temperature. For
    literature comparison and indicative saturation reporting, isotherm fits were
    extrapolated to pure CO2 at 100 kPa: the maximum loading derived from the raw
    weighing signal was 1.84 mmol/g; after buoyancy correction, the corresponding
    value is 1.45 mmol/g.'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Christoph
  full_name: Kroiß, Christoph
  last_name: Kroiß
- first_name: Rafat
  full_name: Al Afif, Rafat
  last_name: Al Afif
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Pröll, Tobias
  last_name: Pröll
- first_name: Christoph
  full_name: Pfeifer, Christoph
  last_name: Pfeifer
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Weinberger, Christian
  id: '11848'
  last_name: Weinberger
- first_name: Gregor
  full_name: Tondl, Gregor
  last_name: Tondl
citation:
  ama: Kroiß C, Al Afif R, Pröll T, Pfeifer C, Weinberger C, Tondl G. Validation of
    a fluidized bed thermogravimetric method with integrated gas analysis for CO2
    capture by activated hydrochar from pistachio shells. <i>Discover Applied Sciences</i>.
    Published online 2026. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a>
  apa: Kroiß, C., Al Afif, R., Pröll, T., Pfeifer, C., Weinberger, C., &#38; Tondl,
    G. (2026). Validation of a fluidized bed thermogravimetric method with integrated
    gas analysis for CO2 capture by activated hydrochar from pistachio shells. <i>Discover
    Applied Sciences</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Kroiß_Al Afif_Pröll_Pfeifer_Weinberger_Tondl_2026, title={Validation
    of a fluidized bed thermogravimetric method with integrated gas analysis for CO2
    capture by activated hydrochar from pistachio shells}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a>},
    journal={Discover Applied Sciences}, publisher={Springer Science and Business
    Media LLC}, author={Kroiß, Christoph and Al Afif, Rafat and Pröll, Tobias and
    Pfeifer, Christoph and Weinberger, Christian and Tondl, Gregor}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: Kroiß, Christoph, Rafat Al Afif, Tobias Pröll, Christoph Pfeifer, Christian
    Weinberger, and Gregor Tondl. “Validation of a Fluidized Bed Thermogravimetric
    Method with Integrated Gas Analysis for CO2 Capture by Activated Hydrochar from
    Pistachio Shells.” <i>Discover Applied Sciences</i>, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a>.
  ieee: 'C. Kroiß, R. Al Afif, T. Pröll, C. Pfeifer, C. Weinberger, and G. Tondl,
    “Validation of a fluidized bed thermogravimetric method with integrated gas analysis
    for CO2 capture by activated hydrochar from pistachio shells,” <i>Discover Applied
    Sciences</i>, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a>.'
  mla: Kroiß, Christoph, et al. “Validation of a Fluidized Bed Thermogravimetric Method
    with Integrated Gas Analysis for CO2 Capture by Activated Hydrochar from Pistachio
    Shells.” <i>Discover Applied Sciences</i>, Springer Science and Business Media
    LLC, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7">10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7</a>.
  short: C. Kroiß, R. Al Afif, T. Pröll, C. Pfeifer, C. Weinberger, G. Tondl, Discover
    Applied Sciences (2026).
date_created: 2026-07-06T11:30:48Z
date_updated: 2026-07-06T11:34:03Z
doi: 10.1007/s42452-026-09061-7
keyword:
- Hydrothermal carbonization
- Activated hydrochar
- CO2 adsorption
- Adsorption isotherms
- Thermogravimetric analysis
- Gas analysis
- Method validation
- Carbon capture
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Discover Applied Sciences
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 3004-9261
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
status: public
title: Validation of a fluidized bed thermogravimetric method with integrated gas
  analysis for CO2 capture by activated hydrochar from pistachio shells
type: journal_article
user_id: '11848'
year: '2026'
...