---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - Expulsion in resistance spot welding (RSW) causes weld quality fluctuations and
    increases quality-control effort in high-volume manufacturing. Existing data-driven
    studies have mainly addressed post-occurrence expulsion detection, process-end
    classification, or the identification of influencing factors, whereas online monitoring
    requires short-term risk estimation before the event occurs. In this study, expulsion
    prediction is formulated as a sliding-window-based pre-expulsion risk estimation
    task for the currently welded spot. A physics-guided hybrid GRU-XGBoost ensemble
    is developed to combine temporal learning from dynamic resistance and electrode-force
    signals with process-physics-related scalar features describing heat input, resistance
    state, and force response. The framework was evaluated on 2730 valid welds, including
    588 expulsion and 2142 non-expulsion welds, using weld-grouped five-fold cross-validation
    with fold-level working-point selection. The ensemble achieved an area under the
    ROC curve of 0.945 ± 0.004 and a weld-level recall of 90.6 ± 3.7% at an average
    false alarm rate of 9.8 ± 0.2%, outperforming both individual branches. For the
    533 correctly warned expulsion welds, the median early-warning lead time was 56
    ms. These results indicate that online, physically interpretable pre-expulsion
    risk prediction is feasible under low-false-alarm constraints within the investigated
    RSW configuration and provide a basis for future adaptive monitoring and control
    studies.@eng
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Keke
      foaf_name: Yang, Keke
      foaf_surname: Yang
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=65085
    orcid: 0000-0001-9201-9304
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Chong
      foaf_name: Li, Chong
      foaf_surname: Li
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Robert
      foaf_name: Beck, Robert
      foaf_surname: Beck
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=38279
    orcid: 0000-0001-9056-4528
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: David
      foaf_name: Hein, David
      foaf_surname: Hein
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=7728
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Gerson
      foaf_name: Meschut, Gerson
      foaf_surname: Meschut
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=32056
    orcid: 0000-0002-2763-1246
  bibo_doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2026.07.042
  bibo_volume: 174
  dct_date: 2026^xs_gYear
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/1526-6125
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: Elsevier BV@
  dct_subject:
  - Resistance spot welding
  - Expulsion prediction
  - Physics-guided machine learning
  - Hybrid ensemble modelling
  - Process monitoring
  dct_title: A physics-guided hybrid framework for online pre-expulsion prediction
    in resistance spot welding@
...