---
_id: '66674'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>Efficient detection of near-infrared light at telecommunication wavelengths
    remains a central challenge for GaAs-based photonic and optoelectronic devices
    due to the absence of linear absorption below the bandgap. Here, we demonstrate
    a hybrid nonlinear optoelectronic device that enhances the detection efficiency
    of a (001)-oriented GaAs PIN photodiode under telecommunication-wavelength illumination,
    where absorption is intrinsically limited to two-photon absorption (2PA). Our
    approach relies on the integration of a transferred, nanopatterned 385 nm-thick
    (111)-oriented GaAs nanofilm acting as an on-chip nonlinear frequency-conversion
    layer. Elliptical GaAs nanoresonators are employed to enhance second-harmonic
    generation (SHG) resonantly, converting incident 1550 nm radiation into above-bandgap
    photons efficiently absorbed by the underlying diode. Spatially resolved current–voltage
    measurements reveal a pronounced enhancement of the detector response in regions
    covered by the nanoantennas. The device exhibits a low dark current, while the
    metasurface-covered regions show the largest current response under 1560 nm excitation
    compared to the bare GaAs(100) diode and the unstructured GaAs(111) film. These
    results establish a direct functional link between dielectric metasurface–based
    nonlinear frequency conversion and electrical photodetection, providing a viable
    route toward integrated sub-bandgap detection schemes.</jats:p>
article_number: '30335'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Vladimir
  full_name: Spedt, Vladimir
  last_name: Spedt
- first_name: Falco
  full_name: Meier, Falco
  last_name: Meier
- first_name: René
  full_name: Geromel, René
  last_name: Geromel
- first_name: Pascal
  full_name: Mahler, Pascal
  last_name: Mahler
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Henksmeier, Tobias
  id: '42539'
  last_name: Henksmeier
- first_name: Dirk
  full_name: Reuter, Dirk
  id: '37763'
  last_name: Reuter
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Zentgraf, Thomas
  id: '30525'
  last_name: Zentgraf
  orcid: 0000-0002-8662-1101
- first_name: Cedrik
  full_name: Meier, Cedrik
  id: '20798'
  last_name: Meier
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3787-3572
citation:
  ama: Spedt V, Meier F, Geromel R, et al. Hybrid GaAs (111)/GaAs (100) PIN photodiodes
    for metasurface-assisted nonlinear upconversion detection. <i>Optics Express</i>.
    2026;34(16). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.601288">10.1364/oe.601288</a>
  apa: Spedt, V., Meier, F., Geromel, R., Mahler, P., Henksmeier, T., Reuter, D.,
    Zentgraf, T., &#38; Meier, C. (2026). Hybrid GaAs (111)/GaAs (100) PIN photodiodes
    for metasurface-assisted nonlinear upconversion detection. <i>Optics Express</i>,
    <i>34</i>(16), Article 30335. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.601288">https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.601288</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Spedt_Meier_Geromel_Mahler_Henksmeier_Reuter_Zentgraf_Meier_2026,
    title={Hybrid GaAs (111)/GaAs (100) PIN photodiodes for metasurface-assisted nonlinear
    upconversion detection}, volume={34}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.601288">10.1364/oe.601288</a>},
    number={1630335}, journal={Optics Express}, publisher={Optica Publishing Group},
    author={Spedt, Vladimir and Meier, Falco and Geromel, René and Mahler, Pascal
    and Henksmeier, Tobias and Reuter, Dirk and Zentgraf, Thomas and Meier, Cedrik},
    year={2026} }'
  chicago: Spedt, Vladimir, Falco Meier, René Geromel, Pascal Mahler, Tobias Henksmeier,
    Dirk Reuter, Thomas Zentgraf, and Cedrik Meier. “Hybrid GaAs (111)/GaAs (100)
    PIN Photodiodes for Metasurface-Assisted Nonlinear Upconversion Detection.” <i>Optics
    Express</i> 34, no. 16 (2026). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.601288">https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.601288</a>.
  ieee: 'V. Spedt <i>et al.</i>, “Hybrid GaAs (111)/GaAs (100) PIN photodiodes for
    metasurface-assisted nonlinear upconversion detection,” <i>Optics Express</i>,
    vol. 34, no. 16, Art. no. 30335, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.601288">10.1364/oe.601288</a>.'
  mla: Spedt, Vladimir, et al. “Hybrid GaAs (111)/GaAs (100) PIN Photodiodes for Metasurface-Assisted
    Nonlinear Upconversion Detection.” <i>Optics Express</i>, vol. 34, no. 16, 30335,
    Optica Publishing Group, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.601288">10.1364/oe.601288</a>.
  short: V. Spedt, F. Meier, R. Geromel, P. Mahler, T. Henksmeier, D. Reuter, T. Zentgraf,
    C. Meier, Optics Express 34 (2026).
date_created: 2026-08-06T12:15:59Z
date_updated: 2026-08-06T12:18:58Z
ddc:
- '530'
department:
- _id: '15'
doi: 10.1364/oe.601288
file:
- access_level: closed
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: cedrikm
  date_created: 2026-08-06T12:18:22Z
  date_updated: 2026-08-06T12:18:22Z
  file_id: '66675'
  file_name: oe-34-16-30335.pdf
  file_size: 2894783
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-08-06T12:18:22Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        34'
issue: '16'
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '55'
  name: TRR 142 - Project Area B
- _id: '170'
  name: 'TRR 142; TP B09: Effiziente Erzeugung mit maßgeschneiderter optischer Phaselage
    der zweiten Harmonischen mittels Quasi-gebundener Zustände in GaAs Metaoberflächen'
publication: Optics Express
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1094-4087
publication_status: published
publisher: Optica Publishing Group
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Hybrid GaAs (111)/GaAs (100) PIN photodiodes for metasurface-assisted nonlinear
  upconversion detection
type: journal_article
user_id: '20798'
volume: 34
year: '2026'
...