---
_id: '66944'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "The comprehensive description of both the electrical transport along conductive
    domain walls in lithium niobate single crystals and the charge injection at the
    interfacing metal electrodes, emerged to be a complex challenge. Recently, a heuristic
    evaluation allowed to postulate the “\U0001D445⁢2⁢\U0001D437⁢2\r\n” equivalent-circuit
    model (consisting of two parallel resistor-diode pairs) to appropriately match
    the dc current-voltage (I-V) characteristics. Here, we carefully revisit the interfacial
    electrical behavior, i.e., the diode part of the equivalent circuit model, since
    many more processes beyond the diode-related electron hopping transport (HT) assumed
    so far, may concurrently occur, such as thermionic emission (TE), Fowler-Nordheim
    tunneling (FNT), space-charge limited conduction (SCLC), and others. The “\U0001D445⁢2⁢\U0001D437⁢2\r\n”
    model thus needs to be generalized into an “\U0001D445⁢2⁢\U0001D44B⁢2\r\n” circuit
    model (with \U0001D44B\r\n= HT, TE, FNT, SCLC, and others) to fit to the experimental
    data. Moreover, to check for the best I-V curve fitting to the different theories,
    we apply a higher-harmonic DW current-contribution analysis, i.e., an ac I-V inspection,
    that allows us to discriminate between all these possible models with much higher
    precision than from pure dc I-V curve fitting. Both the ac and dc analysis yield
    consistent results, finding that the FNT model accounts best for the domain-wall/electrode
    junctions investigated here."
article_number: '045406'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Manuel
  full_name: Zahn, Manuel
  last_name: Zahn
- first_name: Elke
  full_name: Beyreuther, Elke
  last_name: Beyreuther
- first_name: Iuliia
  full_name: Kiseleva, Iuliia
  last_name: Kiseleva
- first_name: Julius
  full_name: Ratzenberger, Julius
  last_name: Ratzenberger
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Rüsing, Michael
  id: '22501'
  last_name: Rüsing
  orcid: 0000-0003-4682-4577
- first_name: Lukas M.
  full_name: Eng, Lukas M.
  last_name: Eng
citation:
  ama: 'Zahn M, Beyreuther E, Kiseleva I, Ratzenberger J, Rüsing M, Eng LM. Domain-wall/metal-electrode
    injection barrier in lithium niobate: Fowler-Nordheim tunneling fits best. <i>Physical
    Review B</i>. 2026;114(4). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/3q26-4c3g">10.1103/3q26-4c3g</a>'
  apa: 'Zahn, M., Beyreuther, E., Kiseleva, I., Ratzenberger, J., Rüsing, M., &#38;
    Eng, L. M. (2026). Domain-wall/metal-electrode injection barrier in lithium niobate:
    Fowler-Nordheim tunneling fits best. <i>Physical Review B</i>, <i>114</i>(4),
    Article 045406. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/3q26-4c3g">https://doi.org/10.1103/3q26-4c3g</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Zahn_Beyreuther_Kiseleva_Ratzenberger_Rüsing_Eng_2026, title={Domain-wall/metal-electrode
    injection barrier in lithium niobate: Fowler-Nordheim tunneling fits best}, volume={114},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/3q26-4c3g">10.1103/3q26-4c3g</a>}, number={4045406},
    journal={Physical Review B}, publisher={American Physical Society (APS)}, author={Zahn,
    Manuel and Beyreuther, Elke and Kiseleva, Iuliia and Ratzenberger, Julius and
    Rüsing, Michael and Eng, Lukas M.}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: 'Zahn, Manuel, Elke Beyreuther, Iuliia Kiseleva, Julius Ratzenberger, Michael
    Rüsing, and Lukas M. Eng. “Domain-Wall/Metal-Electrode Injection Barrier in Lithium
    Niobate: Fowler-Nordheim Tunneling Fits Best.” <i>Physical Review B</i> 114, no.
    4 (2026). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/3q26-4c3g">https://doi.org/10.1103/3q26-4c3g</a>.'
  ieee: 'M. Zahn, E. Beyreuther, I. Kiseleva, J. Ratzenberger, M. Rüsing, and L. M.
    Eng, “Domain-wall/metal-electrode injection barrier in lithium niobate: Fowler-Nordheim
    tunneling fits best,” <i>Physical Review B</i>, vol. 114, no. 4, Art. no. 045406,
    2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/3q26-4c3g">10.1103/3q26-4c3g</a>.'
  mla: 'Zahn, Manuel, et al. “Domain-Wall/Metal-Electrode Injection Barrier in Lithium
    Niobate: Fowler-Nordheim Tunneling Fits Best.” <i>Physical Review B</i>, vol.
    114, no. 4, 045406, American Physical Society (APS), 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/3q26-4c3g">10.1103/3q26-4c3g</a>.'
  short: M. Zahn, E. Beyreuther, I. Kiseleva, J. Ratzenberger, M. Rüsing, L.M. Eng,
    Physical Review B 114 (2026).
date_created: 2026-09-02T12:05:22Z
date_updated: 2026-09-02T12:05:53Z
doi: 10.1103/3q26-4c3g
intvolume: '       114'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Physical Review B
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2469-9950
  - 2469-9969
publication_status: published
publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Domain-wall/metal-electrode injection barrier in lithium niobate: Fowler-Nordheim
  tunneling fits best'
type: journal_article
user_id: '22501'
volume: 114
year: '2026'
...