Verification Complexity and Extension of Classical Shadows Karaiskos, Georgios Raza, Asad Rudolph, Dorian Koh, Dax Enshan Gharibian, Sevag Classical shadows are an influential framework for compressing copies of a given quantum state $ρ$ into classical data $S$, enabling many properties of $ρ$ to be predicted from relatively few copies. In this work, we study two natural questions involving shadows: (1) Given $S$, when can one efficiently verify that $S$ came from a genuine $n$-qubit state? This is called the Classical Shadow Validity (CSV) problem, introduced by Karaiskos, Rudolph, Meyer, Eisert, and Gharibian [ICALP 2026]. (2) Given $S$ that allows one to capture 2-local properties of $ρ$, can one fake or spoof a shadow $S'$ which predicts 3-local properties of some state? For (1), we show CSV is efficiently solvable for permutation-invariant shadows, QMA-hard for real, fermionic, and bosonic shadows, and both coNP-hard and QMA-hard when the observable family consists of all $n$-qubit Pauli strings. A result of independent interest along the way is a new upper bound qc-$Σ_2$ $\subseteq$ $\mathrm{P}^{\mathrm{PP}}$, where qc-$Σ_2$ is a quantum analogue of the second level of the polynomial hierarchy in which the first proof is quantum. For (2), we show intractability: Given the 2-local marginals $S$ of a quantum state $ρ$, estimating the 3-local marginals of $ρ$ is intractable unless QCMA $\subseteq$ BPP, even if the state $ρ$ is the unique state consistent with $S$. 2026 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint doc-type:preprint text http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b https://ris.uni-paderborn.de/record/67292 Karaiskos G, Raza A, Rudolph D, Koh DE, Gharibian S. Verification Complexity and Extension of Classical Shadows. <i>arXiv:260940107</i>. Published online 2026. eng info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/arxiv/2609.40107 info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess