Optical imaging of ferroelectric domains in periodically poled lithium niobate using ferroelectric liquid crystals

<jats:p>Ferroelectric liquid crystals exhibiting a chiral smectic C* phase are deposited on z cut periodically poled lithium niobate substrates and investigated by polarized optical microscopy. While the pure substrates placed between crossed polarizers and observed in transmission appear dark, uniformly aligned liquid crystal films deposited on these substrates show alternating domains with varying brightness. This effect can be attributed to the well-known coupling between the direction of the spontaneous polarization and the optical axis in the birefringent ferroelectric smectic C* phase. Quantitative measurements of the tilt angle between the local optical axis and the smectic layer normal confirm antiparallel orientations of spontaneous polarization of the liquid crystal from domain to domain, as expected by the periodic poling of the lithium niobate substrate. This effect provides a valuable non-destructive method of optical inspection of the quality of periodically poled ferroelectric substrates, which plays an important role in achieving quasi-phase-matching in non-linear optical applications.</jats:p>