Characterizing external visualization in mathematics education research: a scoping review

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>External visualization (i.e., physically embodied visualization) is central to the teaching and learning of mathematics. As external visualization is an important part of mathematics at all levels of education, it is diverse, and research on external visualization has become a wide and complex field. The aim of this scoping review is to characterize external visualizations in recent mathematics education research in order to develop a common ground and guide future research. A qualitative content analysis of the full texts of 130 studies published between 2018 and 2022 applied a deductive-inductive coding procedure to assess four dimensions: visualization product or process, type of visualization, media, and purpose. The analysis revealed different types of external visualizations including visualizations with physical resemblance ranging from pictorial to abstract visualizations as well as three types of visualizations with structural resemblance: length, area, and relational visualizations. Future research should include measures of visualization products or processes to help explain the demands and affordances that different types of visualizations present to learners and teachers.</jats:p>